Foamy sperm causes - Short answer jelly like globules sperm: Jelly-like globules in semen are sometimes present due to a condition called asthenozoospermia, which affects the motility of sperm. This can be caused by factors such as genetics, hormonal imbalances or lifestyle choices and may result in decreased fertility. Further medical evaluation is recommended if ...

 
For many of these, data on sexual transmission are lacking. Of these 27 viruses, many cause chronic or latent infec- tion (e.g., HIV virus, cytomegalovirus).. Clifton jewish center

Low Semen Volume Cause #1: Blockages in a seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct, sometimes due to a varicocele (varicose vein), or cyst. Low Semen Volume Cause #2: Retrograde ejaculation, a condition in which part or all of the semen flows backwards into the bladder. Low Semen Volume Cause #3: Certain infections.Pre-ejaculate. UTIs. Balanitis. Prostatitis. Smegma. When to see a doctor. Takeaway. There are various causes of penile discharge, one of which is sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Some ...Direct application of human semen to the skin can lead to various issues, ranging from serious allergic reactions to the transmission of STIs. Atopic Dermatitis. An uncommon allergy to the proteins in semen, known as human seminal plasma protein hypersensitivity, can occur. In rare and extreme instances, this can cause anaphylaxis, a severe ...The most common causes of sudden scrotal pain include. Testicular torsion occurs when a testis twists on its spermatic cord. The twisting blocks blood flow to the testis, causing pain and sometimes death of the testis. Testicular torsion is more common in newborns and after puberty. Torsion can also occur in the testicular appendage, a small ...Health, lifestyle and other causes. Other causes of low sperm count include: Drug use. Anabolic steroids taken to stimulate muscle strength and growth can cause the testicles to shrink and sperm production to decrease. Use of cocaine or marijuana might reduce the number and quality of your sperm as well. Alcohol use.Rhabdomyolysis, or protein released from the breakdown of muscle, could result after working out, but is still bad because it can cause kidney damage. I've personally never heard of eating a lot of proteins causing proteinuria, I may have just focused on the life threatening causes so I don't kill somebody though.Foaming at the mouth is one of the most commonly known symptoms of rabies because the virus attacks the nervous system. Because the person or animal is not able to swallow their saliva, the foam comes out of the mouth. Other symptoms include convulsions, agitation, biting, and lost appetite.Identification of possible sperm cramp causes can be facilitated by knowledge of the male reproductive system. There are many potential causes, including pelvic muscle tension, hormonal changes, and infections. Individual differences in symptoms may include pain or discomfort in the genital area. Men's sexual health can be improved and ...1. Fishy odor in semen can indicate an infection One of the most common causes of a fishy odor in semen is an infection called bacterial vaginosis (BV), which often occurs in women but can also affect males. BV occurs when there is an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina or male genitalia.Nov 4, 2016 · Semen in urine: After sex, small amounts of semen are left in the male urethra. This small amount won’t cause foamy urine unless the bladder sphincter malfunctions, causing the semen to go back into the bladder. In this case, urine will appear foamy. Thick sperm refers to the concentration and quality of sperm cells within the semen. It relates to the overall fertility potential of a man. On the other hand, watery sperm refers to the consistency and appearance of the fluid itself. In other words, thick sperm is about the sperm cells, while watery semen is about the fluid that carries them.Here are some common medical conditions that could cause your sperm to become watery. 1. Low testosterone Testosterone is a hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of male characteristics such as muscle mass, libido and sperm production. When there's low testosterone levels in your body, your sperm production can decline and ...Nov 20, 2022 ... Foamy Urine Causes | Urine Bubbles ... Best Tip for Men | Increases Sperm Count | Prostate Gland | Protein Food | Dr. ... Signs and Causes of ...Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals; Discomfort when peeing; and. A clear, white, yellowish, or greenish vaginal discharge (i.e., thin discharge or increased volume) with a fishy smell. Having trich can make sex feel unpleasant. Without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years.To use, shake the can for at least 30 seconds. Press the tip of the applicator on the nozzle and press down. This fills the applicator with foam. Lie down and insert the applicator a few inches into the vagina. Push the plunger to release the foam. The foam is active immediately.Bloody urine often occurs without other signs or symptoms Ejaculation is the emission of semen, a mixture of fluids and sperm, from the male reproductive tract . Other symptoms may accompany an infection, such as itching, discomfort, and swelling of the affected area We've got everything you need to know about foamy … .Short answer thin sperm: Thin sperm refers to semen that has a low concentration of spermatozoa, resulting in reduced fertility. Factors such as hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, or lifestyle choices can contribute to the condition. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive techniques like intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization ...Genital redness, burning and itching. Pain with urination or sex. Discomfort over the lower stomach area. In men, trichomoniasis rarely causes symptoms. When men do have signs and symptoms, however, they might include: Itching or irritation inside the penis. Burning with urination or after ejaculation. Discharge from the penis.Air in the System. The most common culprit for foaminess in power steering fluid in a car is the air that has entered the closed hydraulic system. Tiny air bubbles then get whipped into a froth as the fluid circulates. This invading air reduces the hydraulic pressure needed for your power steering pump and gearbox to operate.Sperm in female urine may indicate the presence of semen from recent sexual intercourse or improper cleaning after sexual activity. However, it can also be a sign of other medical conditions such as infections or diseases affecting the reproductive system. A medical consultation is recommended for proper diagnosis and treatment.In other cases it may be necessary to change the dose of some medications taken, or resort to therapies that are dependent on the specific underlying cause of the problem. 1992;305(6854):609-613. It's serious Foamy sperm can have to do with sperm leaking, before sperm. I got a creatinine level of 4. Try to get at least seven hours of sleep per ...In males Injury or surgery. When the testicles are injured or a surgery is performed, the blood-testis barrier may be breached, resulting in sperm coming into contact with the immune system and triggering an inflammatory response. This response initiates the formation of antisperm antibodies. Vasectomies are one of the most common causes, with one study indicating that 50% of vasectomized men ...Brown or red: Brown or red discharge is usually related to irregular menstruation or pregnancy (implantation bleeding). If you have brown or red-tinged discharge and it’s not your period, it may indicate a problem. Clear or white: Normal vaginal discharge is clear, white or off-white. If your discharge is white, but seems thicker than usual ...What causes bubbly sperm? What causes bubbly sperm? Bubbly or foamy semen can be a concern for many men who may wonder about what might have caused it. Here are a few reasons why your ejaculate could look frothy: 1) Dehydration 2) Infection 3) Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits. Dehydration is one of the primary culprits behind bubble formation in ...However, this notion holds no scientific basis whatsoever. Thick semen can arise due to various reasons such as dehydration, a high intake of protein or certain medications. It does not reflect an individual's sexual prowess, prowess, nor overall sexual health. Myth #5: Thick sperm cannot fertilize an egg effectively.causing the semen to go back into the bladder, which is called retrograde ejaculation can cause urine look like foamy. Other causes: Other causes of foam in urine include Rapid urination, Cardiovascular disease, Chemical reaction , dehydration, rheumatoid arthritis and Preeclampsia during pregnancy.2. You're dehydrated. Not drinking enough water can also make your urine foamy. "The more dehydrated someone is, the more concentrated their urine will be [as their body tries to] conserve water ...Vaginitis. Diabetes. The presence of protein, blood, or semen can also cause urine to look cloudy. Be sure to reach out to your doctor if you experience cloudy urine along with other symptoms. If you have blood in your urine, experience any sharp pains, or your urine is an unusual color, contact your doctor right away.A milky white discharge can also be an early sign of pregnancy. However, there are times when white vaginal discharge is a sign of a problem like a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis (BV). Vaginal infections usually cause a "cottage cheese-like" white discharge as well as other symptoms like itching, burning, and a foul odor.The sea foam that one sees off the shoreline on occasion is actually a result of whale sperm, and it plays a critical role in the ocean’s ecosystem. See also Sperm Travels at 20mph: The Surprising Speed of Male Reproductive Cells. The process starts when male whales deposit millions of sperm into the ocean in pursuit of female whales during ...What Causes Sperm to Smell Like Fish: An In-Depth Look. Sperm is a crucial component of human reproduction, playing a key role in fertilizing the female egg and propagating the species. However, for some men, their sperm has an unpleasant odor that resembles the smell of fish. This can be embarrassing and worrying.bloody, or dark-tinged urine. abdominal pain. genital pain. pelvic pain. 5. Kidney stones. Kidney stones can also cause cloudy urine. They develop from the buildup of certain minerals in the body ...The most common cause of cloudy urine is the presence of alkaline. Urine is comprised of water, salts and waste from the kidneys and the balance of these components affects the alkaline or acidity (pH) in urine. Normal urine acidic-to-alkaline levels range from 4.5 to 8 pH. Urine that is under 5 pH is considered acidic, with urine measuring at ...There are multiple factors that can contribute to watery sperm: 1) Low sperm count: A low number of sperm in your semen can cause it to appear thinner than normal. This may indicate an issue with fertility. 2) Dehydration: Your body needs plenty of water to produce healthy semen.A sexually transmitted infection (STI) can cause white vaginal discharge after sexual activity. STIs are spread through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Possible causes and symptoms include ...Firstly, let's address what causes watery sperm. Often, it is a result of poor lifestyle habits such as excessive smoking or drinking alcohol, a lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet. Additional factors contributing to watery semen may be certain medical conditions such as retrograde ejaculation (when semen goes back into the bladder) or ...Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. More advanced prostate cancers can sometimes cause symptoms, such as: Problems urinating, including a slow or weak urinary stream or the need to urinate more often, especially at night. Blood in the urine or semen.A spoonful of semen. The average male produces between 1.5 and 5 millilitres, or 1/4 and 1 teaspoon, of semen per ejaculation, said Morgentaler. The amount varies from person to person ...The sperm's ultimate goal is to fertilize an egg, which can lead to pregnancy. Lower abdominal pain after intercourse can have various causes, including but not limited to: Uterine Contractions: The release of sperm into the uterus can cause mild contractions of the uterine muscles. These contractions may occasionally lead to lower abdominal pain.However, the presence of excessive bubbles or foam can be indicative of an underlying issue. Causes of Bubbles in Sperm. There are several potential causes for bubbles in sperm, ranging from harmless to more serious conditions. Let’s explore some of the common factors that can contribute to this phenomenon: 1. Urine ContaminationMay 20, 2023 · Foam in the ocean is a common but intriguing phenomenon that occurs when waves crash or tides move. It can sometimes be seen near coastlines and beaches, as well offshore. 1. Foam can form from several sources: – Decomposing organic matter like algae – Dissolved proteins from living creatures like fish and plankton – Chemical reactions ... The exact link between high cholesterol issues and semen leakage in the urine is unknown. However, what we do know is that patients with high cholesterol (dyslipidemia) tend to develop diabetes in the long run or at an increased risk of developing Diabetes mellitus. The third common cause of sperm leakage in the urine came with patients who ...Also, foamy urine accompanied by symptoms like fatigue, swelling around the eyes, swollen legs and hands, appetite loss, unintentional weight loss, dry orgasm and infertility in males, cloudy urine, nausea, vomiting, etc., are indicative of serious diseases like kidney failure, retrograde ejaculation, etc. 14.Now, Lets analyze the issue together. The most common cause of no sperm coming out or no semen coming out during sex is fundamentally ‘erectile dysfunction‘. As a practicing andrologist and sexologist, I have seen in my practice that this is probably the most common reason for patients suffering from no sperm coming out (also called as an …Deficiencies in certain nutrients, such as zinc and selenium, can negatively impact sperm morphology. Exposure to excess heat: Sperm production and function can be impaired by high temperatures, such as those caused by hot tubs, saunas, and tight-fitting clothing. Alcohol and drug use: Excessive alcohol consumption and the use of certain drugs ...Sea foam is not whale sperm. This is a common misconception among people, however, it doesn't hold any truth. As mentioned before, sea foam is made up of dissolved organic matter and it has nothing to do with whales. Some people also compare the shape of sea foam to latte, however, in reality, it is mostly made up of gunk.Varicoceles can cause three main problems: Impaired fertility, decreased testosterone production by the testis, or scrotal discomfort. For this reason, they are not usually treated unless there is reason for concern about one of these problems. In some cases, varicocele can cause azoospermia, or the complete lack of sperm in the ejaculate.Varicocele is one of the most common causes of low sperm count and poor sperm quality. It occurs when veins in the scrotum become enlarged and twisted, causing blood to flow back into the testicles. This decrease in blood flow can cause decreased fertility due to reduced sperm motility and viability, as well as thicker than normal semen. ...Causes and Treatments Foamy Urine 1. Urinating Rapidly/Dehydration. ... Semen in Urine. After sexual intercourse, some semen may be left in one's urethra, which may come out in the urine. However, small amounts of semen do not usually lead to foam in the urine. Another condition called retrograde ejaculation may result in large amounts of semen ...Penis discharge may be watery (transparent), cloudy (containing pus), or bloody. Urinary tract infection (UTI) or a sexually transmitted infection are common causes of discharge from the penis. Discharge from the penis is often accompanied by pain or burning when urinating and the need to urinate frequently. Itching can also accompany discharge ...No, Sea Foam is not whale sperm. Sea Foam created by the agitation of sea H2O contains high concentrations of dissolved organic matter, including proteins, lignins & lipids derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. These compounds can act as surfactants or foaming agents.5 doctors weighed in across 2 answers. my boyfriends cum after a while it turned foamy. what can that mean?: Being foamy does not: suggest anything serious. It could be related to.Also, some types of birth control methods like diaphragms and spermicide can increase the chances of getting a UTI. Key takeaways: Sperm does not cause UTIs. UTIs are caused by bacteria such as E. coli entering the urethra. Sperm does not contain UTI-causing bacteria. Sexual activity can increase the risk of developing a UTI.To begin with what causes this issue; there’s no single cause of foaming during ejaculation rather many different possible contributions like low testosterone levels/lack hormonal balance overall effecting endocrine system impacting directly upon ability produce normal/healthy sealant material released organism regular intervals necessary succes...Mar 13, 2023 ... It causes a foamy, yellow-green foul-smelling discharge. Both partners need to be treated with antibiotics to prevent it from coming back ...Sperm health is a topic of great importance when it comes to fertility and overall reproductive wellness. While most discussions revolve around sperm count, motility, and morphology, there are other factors that can affect sperm quality. One such aspect that often causes concern is the presence of white particles in sperm.What Causes Foamy Sperm? There are several factors that can contribute to the production of foamy sperm. These include: Retrograde ejaculation: This occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of being expelled through the penis during ejaculation. It can cause the semen to appear foamy. High levels of protein: Excessive protein in the semen ...This can allow glucose and protein molecules from the blood to end up in the urine, which can cause foaming. Kidney disease. Seeing foam in the toilet bowl on a regular basis may be a warning sign of kidney disease. Your kidneys might be leaking protein into the urine, which causes foamy-looking urine.A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. High altitudes.The most common side effects include dizziness, runny nose, and abnormal ejaculation, including: failure to ejaculate. decreased ease of ejaculation. ejaculation of semen into the bladder instead ...When you shake up your warm drink, proteins and fats in the milk act as "surfactants" that trap air bubbles and make foam. There are surfactants in sea water, too, which come from proteins and fats in decaying marine life. When seawater is mixed by wind and waves, air is trapped by the surfactants and sea fo. Foamy sperm refers to semen that has a bubbly or frothy appearance. Potential causes include retrograde ejaculation, prostate issues, infection, and dehydration. Seek medical advice if you experience persistent or concerning symptoms. Diagnosis and treatment will depend on the underlying cause. Don't let concerns about foamy sperm affect your ... Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are very commonly prescribed. In fact, a Dutch database study found that 13.6 per 1000 fathers took SSRIs in the 6 months before conception. 8 Given that spermatogenesis takes approximately 74 days, the fact that fathers taking SSRIs represent the fathers of more than 300 children in this study is ...With semen, a healthy pH balance (anywhere between 7.2 and 8.0) corresponds to a more ammonia-like or chlorine-like smell. At the same time, organic chemicals called amines are largely responsible for the smell people associate with semen. The amines found in semen include putrescine, spermine, spermidine, and cadaverine.The virus that causes herpes and other infections transmitted during sexual activity can also cause urethritis. Chemical irritation caused by soaps, lotions, and colognes can cause temporary pain in the urethra. Spermicide in condoms and contraceptive jelly, cream, or foam can also cause irritation.Here are four potential causes behind foamy pee. 1. That "foam" is actually just harmless bubbles. It's normal to notice tiny, clear bubbles that dissipate after a few beats when you pee ...Here are some possible causes for greying of seminal fluid: 1. Age - As aging sets in, body functions tend to decline including reproductive function which results in changes like reduced ejaculation volumes low sperm count or mortality as well as colour mutation towards gray. 2.Foamy texture in urine can cause issues on your health Know symptoms causes and risk factors to prevent this problem ... This is a men based issue in which the semen backs up into the bladder ...What Causes Azoospermia? A lack of sperm in the ejaculate can be due to blockage of the male genital system (obstructive azoospermia) with completely normal sperm production or the result of poor sperm production (nonobstructive azoospermia), which interferes with the production of sperm. LEARN MORE ABOUT: Causes of obstructive azoospermia.Semen has two functions: it lubricates the penis in preparation for intercourse and removes acids in urine from the penis to increase the sperm survival rate. Although some men can excrete significantly more, most men secrete anything from a few drops to a teaspoon. What Are the Causes for White Discharge in Women During and After Sex?Jun 19, 2023 · Here are a few possibilities: 1) Dehydration: If you haven’t been drinking enough water, your semen may be thicker and more likely to produce bubbles or frothiness. 2) Infections: Certain infections like gonorrhea or chlamydia can cause an increase in seminal fluid which can lead to bubbling during ejaculation. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome can vary but commonly include abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. These symptoms may come and go over time. Explore causes and symptoms of loose motions. Get tips on managing stomach discomfort. Click to learn more or Call @040-68334455.According to a report in the journal American Family Physician, being dehydrated can cause foamy urine. Dehydration can occur from not drinking enough water or from intense physical exercise. 3 . Being dehydrated can cause more problems in your body than just foamy urine. Your body needs to take in enough fluids to get rid of toxins and keep ...What causes foamy sperm? Reptile Pedia. Prostate issues : Conditions such as prostatitis or an enlarged prostate can affect the consistency of semen, leading to a foamy appearance. Infection : Certain infections, such as a urinary tract infection or a sexually transmitted infection, can cause changes in semen consistency. ...Jun 22, 2023 · Introduction to Foamy Sperm. Sperm is an essential component of human reproduction, and its quality and consistency can impact fertility and overall health. Foamy sperm is a topic that is often surrounded by myths and misconceptions. In this article, we will provide you with an overview of foamy sperm, its causes, health implications, and how ... Give your body a few hours of rest to restore the sperm quality to normal. 3. Zinc deficiency. A zinc deficiency may cause watery semen. Research has proven that men who have good zinc levels can fight off the effects of anti-sperm antibodies. Certain antibodies produced by the immune system respond to sperm as if it was a foreign body. …Other potential causes of a low sperm count include: ejaculation problems, such as retrograde ejaculation. anti-sperm antibodies in your immune system. injuries or other problems with the tubes ...Another possible cause of thick white sperm is low testosterone levels. Testosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in male reproductive health. Low testosterone levels can lead to decreased semen volume and reduced fertility. Certain medications or supplements may also affect the color and viscosity of sperm.A sexually transmitted infection (STI) can cause white vaginal discharge after sexual activity. STIs are spread through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Possible causes and symptoms include ...Viral causes are herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. Other causes include: Injury. Sensitivity to the chemicals used in spermicides, contraceptive jellies, or foams. Sometimes the cause is unknown. Risks for urethritis include: Being a female. Being male, ages 20 to 35. Having many sexual partners.

However, retrograde ejaculation where semen enters the bladder is a possible cause of foamy urine. In women, foamy urine due to the presence of vaginal discharge is less likely. To clearly identify foamy urine rather than bubbles caused by some other substance tainting the toilet water or due to force, it is advisable to urinate in a sterile .... East main street pizza

foamy sperm causes

Health, lifestyle and other causes. Other causes of low sperm count include: Drug use. Anabolic steroids taken to stimulate muscle strength and growth can cause the testicles to shrink and sperm production to decrease. Use of cocaine or marijuana might reduce the number and quality of your sperm as well. Alcohol use.There’s also no evidence that masturbation can cause: kidney failure. kidney disease. kidney pain. Some people mistakenly believe that a loss of protein and nutrients through semen can lead to ...Another thing I noticed I wasn't paying attention much till recently but literal sex and ejaculation can cause foamy urine via various mechanisms. The first mechanism is retrograde ejaculation when some sperm gets stuck in your bladder causing it to foam your urine up and another way is sperm can cause proteins to leech in your urine if it's ...Doctors &. departments. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause discomfort and pain of the vagina. It happens when natural bacteria levels are out of balance. Balanced levels of bacteria help keep the vagina healthy. But when too much of some bacteria grow, it can lead to BV. Bacterial vaginosis can happen at any age.Fructose is a type of sugar found in semen that serves as an energy source for the sperm cells. It brings out the stringy texture and aid in keeping the sperm healthy. Since semen contains a relatively high concentration of fructose than any other bodily fluid generally eliminated from men's bodies: they tend to possess a pleasantly sweet aroma.Here are some possible reasons as to why your sperm may thin out and turn into a jelly-like consistency: 1. Dehydration. One common cause of thicker Jello-ey cum could be dehydration! Poor hydration levels can make semen thicker than usual due to its composition primarily being water-based (about 95%!).Gargle with warm salt water: This home remedy can help clear mucus from the back of your throat and may help kill germs. Humidify the air: Moisture in the air can help keep your mucus thin. Stay ...However, often the cause of low sperm count isn't identified. Medical causes. Low sperm count can be caused by a number of health issues and medical treatments. Some of these include: Varicocele. A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle. It's the most common reversible cause of male infertility.We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.2. Frequent Ejaculation. Ejaculating frequently can also cause watery semen. The consistency of your semen will likely become thinner and more watery if you masturbate several times per day. Your body will need several hours at least to start producing a normal amount of semen at the usual consistency. 3. What is it when a mans sperm is foamy? it might be from having sex allot the constant in and out after the guy ejaculates this will make it foamy some stop and others don't so it doesn't sound ... Whale Sperm and Ocean Foam, two words that when combined invoke a series of emotions within people. ... Wind can also have an impact on creating ocean foam. The friction it causes between air and water creates bubbles and dissolves air particles in water creating foam in between waters' surface tension and currents.Check out what causes foamy urine in men. The speed of the urine stream – One of the causes of foamy urine is the fast speed of urination. When a rapid stream of urine hits the toilet bowl, it can cause foamy bubbles to appear. This sort of foam clears up quickly and shouldn’t be a cause of worry.Average results are based on your age and sex.Semen in Urine. Foamy or bubbly urine can be seen in males after sexual intercourse. Small amounts of semen left in the urethra following ejaculation may often be expelled in the urine stream. ... This can cause excess bubbles and even foamy urine to form as a result. Denser Urine. Highly concentrated, or dense, urine may indicate a kidney ...Sea foam. Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. [1] These compounds can act as surfactants or ...Prevention. To help reduce or prevent semen leakage, people can try: masturbating before bed to prevent wet dreams. following a healthful diet to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. exercising ...Urinary Tract Infection. Urinary tract infection or UTI is a very rare health condition in men (younger than 50). The risk of suffering a UTI increases with age. White discharge (foamy) is one of ....

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